In India, the right to own a firearm is not enshrined as a fundamental right, and the process to legally purchase a gun is governed by strict regulations under the Arms Act of 1959 and the Arms Rules of 2016. These laws ensure that only eligible individuals can acquire and possess firearms, under tightly controlled conditions. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to legally buy a firearm in India:

Eligibility Criteria To Purchase Firearms

To apply for a firearm in India, you must be at least 21 years of age. The eligibility extends to individuals who demonstrate a clear need for a firearm, be it for security or for sport, and who have no criminal record or history of mental illness. Each applicant must also show that they can safely store the firearm, away from access by unauthorized individuals.

Valid Reasons for Possession

In India, the possession of firearms is strictly regulated, and not everyone can own a gun. The law specifies valid reasons for which an individual can apply for a firearm license:

• Self-defense: This is the most common reason for obtaining a gun license in urban areas. Applicants must demonstrate a real and specific threat to their life that cannot be mitigated by other means (such as hiring security services). The threat level is rigorously assessed by the police during the application process.
• Security: This reason is often relevant for business owners or professionals in high-risk industries (like jewelry) who may be vulnerable to robberies. Documentary evidence of threats or previous incidents is typically required to substantiate the need for a firearm for security purposes.
• Sports and Target Shooting: Enthusiasts of shooting sports can apply for a license under this category. Applicants must be active members of a recognized rifle club or shooting association. Regular participation in shooting competitions is usually necessary to apply and maintain a license under this category.
• Crop Protection: This is applicable primarily in rural areas where wildlife may threaten crops or livestock. Farmers and landowners can apply for a firearm license to protect their livelihood from such threats. Applicants need to prove their occupation and the presence of wildlife threats to their crops or livestock.

Application Process For Purchasing a Firearm in India

The process of applying for a firearm license in India is detailed and involves multiple steps to ensure that only eligible and responsible individuals are granted the right to own a gun:

1. Application Form: The first step is to fill out an application form, which can be obtained from the district police headquarters or downloaded from the official state or national police websites. The form must be filled out comprehensively, providing all requested details.
2. Submission of Necessary Documents:  Along with the completed application form, the applicant needs to submit several documents. These typically include:

• Proof of identity (such as Aadhaar card, PAN card, or passport)
  • Proof of residence (such as utility bills or a rental agreement)
  • Recent passport-sized photographs
  • A valid reason for the need of the firearm, supported by documentary evidence where applicable (like threat letters for self-defense)
  • Medical certificate from a recognized doctor certifying the applicant’s physical and mental fitness
  • Character certificate that vouches for the applicant’s behavior and background
  • Details of any previous firearm licenses, if applicable

• Background Check: Once the application is submitted, the local police station conducts a thorough background check. This includes checking criminal records, interviewing neighbors, and sometimes a direct interview with the applicant. The purpose is to assess the applicant’s character, intention for owning a firearm, and whether they pose a security risk.
• Additional Requirements: Depending on the jurisdiction and the specific reasons for the application, additional requirements might include a proof of membership in a shooting club (for sport-related licenses) or evidence of being a farmer or landowner (for crop protection).
• Approval: The final decision to grant a firearm license rests with the licensing authority, typically the District Superintendent of Police or the Commissioner of Police in urban areas. The approval is based on all the gathered information and the adherence to all legal requirements.

Background Checks and Interview of Applicant

Once the application is submitted, it is followed by a detailed police background check. This includes verification of criminal records, interviews with neighbors, and sometimes even an interview with the applicant to assess their character and intentions.

Training and Safety Course

Applicants might be required to undergo a training course on the safe handling and operation of firearms. The course typically covers the legal aspects of firearm ownership, safety practices, and sometimes a practical shooting test.

Approval and Issuance of License

If the application is approved, the license will be issued by the concerned authority. This license specifies the type and quantity of firearms an individual is permitted to purchase and the conditions of their use.

Purchase and Registration

Once a license is granted, the individual can purchase the firearm from a licensed dealer. The firearm must be registered with the local police, and all transactions of purchase must be documented and reported. One of the licensed and authorized firearm dealer in India is Gretta Gun Works located in Delhi

Renewal of License for Firearms

Firearm licenses in India are valid for a specific period, usually three years, after which they must be renewed. The renewal process involves a review of the license holder’s continued eligibility and may also require a fresh set of documents and background checks.

Storage and Handling of Firearms

Proper storage is a crucial aspect of firearm ownership. Firearms must be kept in secure storage to prevent unauthorized access, and the owner should maintain records of the firearm’s usage and servicing.

Legal and Social Responsibilities

Gun owners in India are subject to stringent legal obligations regarding the use, storage, and transport of firearms. Misuse or negligent handling can lead to severe penalties, including imprisonment.

Nos. of Firearms Holders in India

According to the post on Wikipedia as of 2016, there are 3,369,444 firearm licenses active in India with 9,700,000 firearms registered to them. According to Small Arms Survey, there are 61,401,000 illegal firearms in India.

Source: Wikipedia

Conclusion

Owning a firearm in India is a responsibility that comes with stringent oversight and legal obligations. It is a privilege granted only to those who demonstrate a genuine need, along with the capability to handle firearms safely and responsibly. The process is designed to ensure public safety and prevent misuse, aligning with the broader goal of maintaining law and order.